贵州省竹类植物种类

贵州省地处中国西南地区东南部，气候温暖湿润，属亚热带湿润季风气候，降水较多，雨季明显，是我国竹类植物的主产省区之一，也是竹类资源较为丰富的省区之一。为探明贵州省分布的竹类植物现状，文章结合《中国竹类图志》《中国植物志》《贵州植物志》及竹类植物研究者统计的贵州省竹种资源，确认了贵州省分布的竹类植物有19属、76种、3变种、6变型，共85种（不包括引种）。研究结果可以为贵州竹资源基础研究和开发利用提供信息支撑。     

Projecting the suitability of global and local habitats for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) using model consensus

Myrtle rust (caused by Austropuccinia psidii) affects more than 500 known host species in the Myrtaceae family. Three different modelling approaches (CLIMEX, MaxEnt and Multi-Model Framework) were used to project the habitat suitability for myrtle rust at both global and local scales. Current data on the global occurrence of myrtle rust were collected from online literature and expert solicitation. Long-term averages of climate data (1960–1990) were sourced from WorldClim and CliMond websites. Recent reports of myrtle rust in New Zealand were used for validation of model outputs but not in model training and testing. The model outputs were combined into a consensus model to identify localities projected to be suitable for myrtle rust according to two or three models (hotspots). In addition to the locations where the pathogen is currently present, all models successfully projected independent occurrence data in New Zealand suitable for establishment of the pathogen. Climate suitability for the pathogen was primarily related to temperature followed by rainfall in MaxEnt and the CLIMEX model. The results confirmed the optimum temperature range of this pathogen in the literature (15–25 °C). Additional analysis of the precipitation variables indicated that excessive rain (more than 2000 mm in warmest quarter of the year) combined with high temperatures (>30 °C) constrain pathogen establishment. The results of the current study can be useful for countries such as New Zealand, China, South Africa and Singapore where the pathogen has not fully spread or established.     

拟穴青蟹Cactus基因的cDNA克隆、序列及生物学功能

为获取拟穴青蟹Cactus基因cDNA全长、分析基本生物学信息,并初步探索其在病原物刺激下的免疫反应,实验采用RACE技术获得了拟穴青蟹Cactus(SpCactus)基因的cDNA全长序列,其cDNA全长为2035 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1311 bp,编码436个氨基酸,分子量为46.01 ku。对蛋白理化性质进行预测发现,SpCactus为亲水性蛋白,等电点pI为4.91。经预测,SpCactus与其他物种的IκB蛋白具有相似的功能结构域。同源性比对结果显示,SpCactus与凡纳滨对虾和中国明对虾的Cactus蛋白同源性均高达62%,相似度为73%。系统进化树分析显示,SpCactus与甲壳动物聚为一支,与无脊椎动物聚为一大支。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测发现,SpCactus基因在拟穴青蟹不同组织中均有表达,肌肉中的表达量最高,其次为心脏、眼柄、血液和鳃,肝胰腺中的表达量最低。LPS和金黄色葡萄球菌刺激均能显著诱导SpCactus基因的表达。本实验成功扩增了SpCactus基因全长,并进行了生物信息学分析、理化性质预测,初步探讨了其生物学功能,为进一步研究其在免疫反应中的生物学功能提供参考依据。     

环境与摄食对山东省近海鱼礁区不同体长许氏平鲉分布的影响

为研究环境与摄食因素对人工鱼礁区不同体长许氏平鲉分布的影响,采用2017—2018年山东省近岸3处鱼礁区环境和渔业资源的调查数据,利用变异系数CV均值将样本的体长分为10组,每组体长间隔为33 mm,并使用Bray-Curtis相似性指数比较不同海域许氏平鲉体长组成的相似性;运用去趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)分析各环境要素对不同体长组许氏平鲉分布的影响;运用胃含物分析法分析许氏平鲉的食物组成。结果显示,西霞口与长岛鱼礁区样本体长组成相似性指数为70.66%,前三岛鱼礁区与西霞口鱼礁区、长岛鱼礁区的相似性指数较低,分别为54.94%和59.46%;大体长(299～365mm)许氏平鲉的分布与水深、水质指数(WQI)和化学需氧量(COD)相关性较大,喜好水深较深、营养丰富的水域;小体长(35～200 mm)许氏平鲉喜好水深较浅,水质好的水域。大体长(200～365 mm),高龄(2～3龄)的个体主要摄食鱼类、虾类和蟹类,优势饵料为鱼类(IRI为65.94%);小体长(35～200 mm),低龄(0～1龄)的个体主要摄食虾类和蟹类,优势饵料为虾类(IRI为45.69%)。研究表明,在浅水区域投放幼鱼保护型鱼礁,为幼鱼提供庇护所;将捕捞作业集中在深水区,减少对许氏平鲉小体长个体的兼捕,可以达到针对性增殖、保护许氏平鲉资源的目的。     

西藏高原主要麦类作物真菌毒素污染与产毒真菌分布研究

为探明西藏麦类作物中真菌毒素污染程度及产毒真菌种类与分布,以青稞、小麦为研究对象,对其籽粒中多种毒素进行分析,并对毒素污染阳性样品进行真菌分离鉴定。结果表明,2018年毒素总检出率为20.13%;杂色曲霉毒素检出率最高,为10.74%;OTA超标率最高,为3.36%;小麦的毒素检出率和超标率都高于青稞,二者的污染毒素种类以OTA、ZEN、ST为主。西藏高原42份被真菌毒素污染的农作物籽粒中共分离到199份真菌,分属23属67种真菌,青霉属为优势属,曲霉属次之。     

Large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure in the longest tropical river in Asia

Although the Mekong River is one of the world's 35 biodiversity hot spots, the large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure remain poorly addressed. This study aimed to investigate the fish distribution patterns in the Lower Mekong River (LMR) and to identify their environmental determinants. Daily fish catch data (i.e. from December 2000 to November 2001) at 38 sites distributed along the LMR were related to 15 physicochemical and 19 climatic variables. As a result, four different clusters were defined according to the similarity in assemblage composition and 80 indicator species were identified. While fish species richness was highest in the Mekong delta and lowest in the upper part of the LMR, the diversity index was highest in the middle part of the LMR and lowest in the delta. We found that fish assemblages changed along the environmental gradients and that the main drivers affecting the fish assemblage structure were the seasonal variation of temperature, precipitation, dissolved oxygen, pH and total phosphorus. Specifically, upstream assemblages were characterised by cyprinids and Pangasius catfish, well suited to low temperature, high dissolved oxygen and high pH. Fish assemblages in the delta were dominated by perch‐like fish and clupeids, more tolerant to high temperatures, and high levels of nutrients (nitrates and total phosphorus) and salinity. Overall, the patterns were consistent between seasons. Our study contributes to establishing the first holistic fish community study in the LMR.     

冬小麦–夏玉米高产模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征研究

探明周年产量20,000kghm–2以上冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征,并建立资源优化配置定量指标,为进一步提升黄淮海该模式周年产量潜力和气候资源利用效率提供理论依据,具有重要意义。本研究利用2006—2010年黄淮海区9个高产点共45个田间试验的数据,定量分析了冬小麦–夏玉米模式高产形成与季节间光温水资源分配的关系。结果表明,三省9个试验点冬小麦–夏玉米均实现了周年20,000kghm–2以上高产,但区域间差异较大,河南和山东小麦产量最高,山东夏玉米产量最高,河南和山东周年产量分别高于河北16.9%和21.5%。产量的变化主要由光温水分配差异造成,河南和山东小麦季积温量在1924.2～2608.0°C和降雨量小于201.1mm范围时产量均高于河北,山东玉米季辐射量在2168.5～2953.8 MJ m–2、积温量小于2990.7°C和降水量小于591.3 mm范围时产量均高于河南和河北。然而省份间冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间热量资源分配率和分配比值相对固定,即小麦季和玉米季积温分配率分别为43%和57%,两季间积温比值为0.7,这是该区当前生产和生态条件下冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间资源合理配置的定量标准。在不增加任何投入的前提下依据该定量指标来指导黄淮海不同生态区冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式的资源优化配置,对促进黄淮海该种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

Correlation of changes in seasonal distribution and catch of red sea bream Pagrus major with winter temperature in the eastern Seto Inland Sea,Japan (1972–2010)

Red sea bream Pagrus major is a commercially important fish in Japan. In eastern Seto Inland Sea (SIS), the catch has increased from 297 tons in 1972 to 2,039 tons in 2010. We examined the relationship, 1972–2010, between increase in catch and winter temperature, based on the catch in February and March and the lowest water temperature at 10 m depth. In 1972–1986, the lowest water temperatures in the inner SIS areas (Osaka Bay, Harima‐nada, and Bisan‐seto) were <8°C, which is physiologically unfavorable for red sea bream. However, in 1987–2010 temperatures were generally ≥8°C. In the inner areas, the catch during winter had been minimal until the early 1980s, presumably because most red sea breams moved to the Kuroshio‐influenced (warmer) Kii Channel area. However, the winter catch in the inner areas of SIS increased from the late 1980s with warm winters. In addition, the catch between April and June, the spawning season, increased in the inner areas from the 1990s, and the catch rate of the inner areas was more than twice higher in the 2000s than in the 1980s. The results suggest that expansion of the distribution area during winter due to warm winter and increase in egg production in the inner areas greatly contributes to the increasing in catch in the eastern SIS.     

不同栽培模式对夏玉米冠层结构及光合性能的影响

【目的】比较研究夏玉米不同栽培模式群体冠层特性、穗位叶叶绿体结构及光合性能的差异,阐明栽培模式对上述指标的调控效应,为进一步构建高效冠层结构的夏玉米高产栽培模式提供理论依据。【方法】本试验于2018—2019年在山东泰安进行,以登海605为供试品种,以当地农户栽培管理模式（FP）为对照,通过综合优化种植密度、肥料运筹和种植方式等设置超高产栽培模式（SH）、高产高效栽培模式（HH）2种优化管理模式,比较3种栽培管理模式夏玉米冠层结构、穗位叶叶绿体结构及净光合速率的差异。【结果】与FP模式相比,SH、HH模式群体上层叶片茎叶夹角小、叶向值大,中、下层叶片发育较好,叶面积指数高及高值持续期长,中部叶层光能截获率显著提高21.64%和12.63%,形成了适宜的群体冠层结构。SH、HH模式的叶绿体结构发育良好,而FP发育相对较差。SH和HH模式下穗位叶叶绿体中类囊体发育良好且数目较多,基粒片层和基质片层排列整齐、清晰,细胞内膜结构完整;FP的叶绿体中类囊体发育相对较差,发育不完全的类囊体占比较大,基质片层模糊且排列不整齐。吐丝期穗位叶净光合速率表现为SH＞HH＞FP,干物质积累量及产量也表现出相同的趋势,SH和HH模式较FP模式分别增产14.20%和4.91%。【结论】相比于FP模式,SH、HH模式产量提高的原因是优化了夏玉米群体冠层结构,保证了叶绿体结构的完整性,显著提高了叶片光合能力。与SH模式相比,HH模式减少了肥料施用量,其群体结构合理且叶片发育良好,是更有助于利用光能的栽培模式。